Starting 

Research Findings

• Silent period of producing oral language (Krashen & Terrell, 1983)

• Native languages are critical resources (Cummings, 2001)

• Benefit from supportive, multilingual environments that value and validate their native language and culture 

• Effective strategies that allow opportunities for language transfer include the use of cognates and brief interpretations in the home language for explanations (Goldenberg, 2013) 

References 

Cummings, J. 2001. Negotiating Identities: Education for Empowerment for a Diverse Society. Los Angeles: California Association for Bilingual Education.

Goldenberg, C. 2013. "Unlocking the Research on English Learners: What We Know and Don't Yet Know About Effective Instruction." American Educator 37 (2): 4-11, 38. 

Krashen, S.  D. and Terrell, T.D. 1983. The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom.  New York: Pergamon.